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Number puzzles (contest style)

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Learn it Remainders of powers repeat in cycles. Two numbers can be found from their sum and difference: larger = (sum + difference) ÷ 2.

Example: What is the remainder when $3^{50}$ is divided by 4?

  1. Remainders of $3, 3^2, 3^3, …$ by 4: 3, 1, 3, 1, … (cycle of 2).
  2. 50 is even, so it matches $3^2$.
  3. Remainder 1.

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