Translations, reflections and rotations on a grid

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Learn it Rules on the coordinate plane: reflect in the x-axis (x, −y); in the y-axis (−x, y); rotate 180° (−x, −y); rotate 90° clockwise (y, −x); rotate 90° counterclockwise (−y, x).

Example: Rotate A(3, 1) 90° counterclockwise about the origin.

Use (x, y) → (−y, x).
(3, 1) → (−1, 3).
A′ is (−1, 3).

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